On Friday, July 1, 2022, President Akufo-Addo directed the Finance Minister, Ken Ofori-Atta, to engage the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to support Ghana’s economy.
This was contained in a statement issued by the Information Minister, Kojo Oppong Nkrumah.
Following this development, many citizens have been asking various questions about the decision. The following are answers to some of the frequently asked question’s about Ghana’s return to the IMF.
The answers were contained in a release from the Finance Ministry on Tuesday, July 5, 2022:
1. What role does the IMF play in member countries?
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) works with member countries to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity by supporting economic policies/programmes that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being. Currently, the IMF has a membership of 190 countries.
2. What benefits do member countries have from the IMF?
Member countries enjoy three (3) key benefits, and these are:
i. Surveillance: The IMF monitors the international monetary system and global economic developments to identify risks and recommend policies for growth and financial stability.
The Fund also undertakes a regular health check of the economic and financial policies of its 190 member countries through its annual Article IV Consultations with member countries.
In addition, the IMF identifies possible risks to the economic stability of its member countries and advises their governments on possible policy adjustments;
ii. Technical Assistance: The IMF provides technical assistance and training to governments, including central banks, finance ministries, revenue administrations, and financial sector supervisory agencies.
These capacity development efforts are centred on the IMF’s core areas of expertise ranging from taxation through central bank operations to the reporting of macroeconomic data.
Such training also helps countries tackle cross-cutting issues, such as income inequality, gender equality, corruption, and climate change; and
iii. Lending: The IMF provides loans (including emergency loans) to member countries experiencing actual or potential Balance of Payments (BOP) problems.
The aim is to help them rebuild their international reserves, stabilize their currencies, continue paying for imports, and restore conditions for strong economic growth, while correcting underlying problems.
3. Why has Ghana decided to seek support from the IMF?
Ghana is seeking IMF support for three (3) main reasons:
i. Addressing policy challenges following the Covid-19 Pandemic and the Russian and Ukraine War. The confluence of shocks from the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russian-Ukraine War have complicated the conduct of public policy globally. They have resulted in rising debt and erosion of buffers, worsening financing conditions, high inflation, and exchange rate and BOP pressures especially for Emerging Markets and Frontier Economies. As is the case in key EMs and FMs, Ghana is seeking IMF support to back its Enhanced Domestic Programme which will seek to restore stability, help to contain the rising debt, and address the emerging BOP needs;
ii. Balance of payments support: Secondly, for concessional/cheaper financing to shore up international reserves, stabilize the cedi, continue smooth payments for imports (petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, among others) and restore conditions for strong economic growth (including support for government flagship programmes), while correcting underlying problems; and
iii. Catalytic effect: Providing catalytic effect of accessing additional financing from third parties (friendly sovereigns/commercial creditors), including resuming ICM market access sooner than later, facilitating credit rating upgrades.
4. Are there other countries undergoing an IMF assisted recovery Programme?
African countries that have recently signed up to IMF programme include:
i. Egypt (March 2022): Egyptian government officially requested support from the IMF to help mitigate the economic fallout related to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
ii. Tunisia (June 2022): Tunisia has started technical discussions for an IMF intervention to restore its fiscal imbalance attributable mainly to the spillovers from the war in Ukraine, which is deepening already high economic imbalances, while creating more hardship to the population.
As a matter of fact, Kenya, Cote d’Ivoire, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Senegal, Uganda, Seychelles, Mali, Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Mozambique, are among countries on the continent who are already on some form of an IMF programme, necessitated in response to economic downturn, attributable to Covid-19 and/or Russia-Ukraine War.
5. What is the Enhanced Domestic Programme?
The Enhanced Domestic Programme (EDP) is a 3-year fast-tracked macroeconomic stabilization programme that seeks to restore investor confidence and achieve fiscal and debt sustainability.
The programme is heavily driven by a mix of robust structural reforms and revenue, expenditure, and financing policies. This will further enhance the recovery and transformation efforts by the Government under the Ghana CARES ‘Obaatan pa’ Programme.
The proposed programme should span a minimum of 3 years and seeks to achieve the following objectives:
i. Strengthen Government’s effort to restore investor confidence in the economy, thereby, regaining market access, boosting Development Partner
(DP) disbursements, and unlocking other financing sources;
ii. Restore debt sustainability and macroeconomic stability to support green growth, economic transformation and job creation while protecting social spending; iii. Strengthen the Central Bank’s Monetary Policy Regime; and iv. Build buffers to strengthen resilience to economic shocks; and
v. Further enhance the recovery and transformation efforts by the Government under the Ghana CARES ‘Obaatan pa’ Programme.
6. How long will it take for the negotiations between Ghana and the IMF to be concluded?
IMF-supported programme negotiations take some time to be concluded. Depending on the availability of data to assess the macroeconomic situation, the readiness and suitability of the government’s economic programme and nature and feasibility of any prior conditions to be completed by government programme negotiations can be quick or be protracted.
Government stands ready to quicken and shorten the negotiation process by sharing relevant data as well as presenting its enhanced economic programme that will anchor the supported programme.
7. Will Ghana have to fulfil any IMF Conditionalities?
When a country seeks support from the IMF through a funded programme, its government agrees to adjust its economic policies to overcome the problems that led it to seek financial support.
These policy adjustments are conditions for IMF lending and serve to ensure the achievement of the programme’s objectives and the country’s ability to repay the IMF.
The member country has primary responsibility for selecting, designing, and implementing policies to make the IMF-supported programme successful.
This system of conditionality is designed to promote national ownership of strong and effective policies. This means that, in the case of Ghana, the conditionalities are expected to be centered around our own Enhanced Domestic Programme which the Government is committed to enforcing.
8. How much can we get from the IMF and what will the money be used for?
The total credit for an IMF-supported programme will be expressed as a percentage of the country’s quota. In the 2015 ECF programme, Ghana was granted 180% of its quota, which was equivalent to US$918mn released in equal tranches after every successful review.
In addition to the quota norms, the IMF also uses market access and other key criteria to assess the type of funding needed by a country.
This is primarily due to cost implications involved in both resources (PRGT and GRA) and how the interest cost will impact on debt sustainability, following IMF lending.
9. Does going to the IMF mean suspension of government programmes and expenditures?
NO. The member country has primary responsibility for selecting, designing, and implementing policies to make the IMF-supported programme successful.
This implies that, government programmes in line with its EDP will still go on as planned insofar as it is efficient and does not over-burden public finances.
10. Why is government going to IMF now and not earlier?
The primary conditions that necessitate an IMF-supported programme did not exist earlier. For a country to seek an IMF support, it would need to have a balance of payments challenge.
A few months ago, the conditions that pertain today and the outlook is considerably different from six months ago.
The IMF in April 2022 revised its economic forecasts and is predicting that global economic recovery from coronavirus will run into “multiple challenges” this year, warning of lower growth and higher inflation.
These were not known at the beginning of the year and were not factored in our baseline projections. Given what we know now from the data and by assessing the impact of economic growth forecast downgrades in the world’s two largest economies, China and the US, and their policy responses to the challenges, spells doom for many developing and emerging markets.
These developments have substantially changed our own assessment of the economic outlook necessitating the decision to engage the IMF for support.
This will help us considerably to weather an impending economic storm.
11. Will government terminate the E-levy because IMF will give Ghana money?
NO. The IMF lending to Ghana will be for balance of payments support (i.e. to shore up the international reserves).
Government is committed to ensuring the smooth operationalisation of all taxes including the e-levy to ensure that in addition to the IMF’s resources, government can continue to support its developmental goals on its own while ensuring that tax-to-GPD ratio increases to the peer range of 16%-18%.
An IMF-supported programme is likely to encourage the government to investigate the factors hindering the success of the e-levy (including by providing technical assistance if needed) and come out with strategies to improve it.
Additionally, other tax measures could be considered for the medium-term.
12. Is Ghana facing a crisis?
The whole world, including Ghana, is facing significant policy challenges, although each country is at a different stage (countries like Ghana are at an early stage while countries like Sri Lanka have a fully blown economic crises).
To quote the IMF Managing Director “To put it simply: we are facing a crisis on top of a crisis. First, the pandemic: it turned our lives and economies upside down— and it is not over.
The continued spread of the virus could give rise to even more contagious or worse, more lethal variants, prompting further disruptions—and further divergence between rich and poor countries.
Second, the war: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, devastating for the Ukrainian economy, is sending shockwaves throughout the globe”.
13. At what stage is Ghana’s economic crisis?
Ghana’s economy is facing external shocks emanating from the scarring effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian-Ukraine war resulting in:
i. High and rising inflation. Imported inflation passthrough because of supply chain disruptions which has increased the cost of raw materials (including fertilizer, refined oil products and metals) needed for production astronomically across the globe.
In Ghana fuel price increases permeates all aspects of our lives (from transportation to food) and this is largely the reason why Inflation has increased to 27.6% at the end May 2022 compared to 7.5% same period last year.
Both Food (30.1%) and Non-Food inflation (25.7%) are rising but food inflation is rising faster. Transport recorded the highest inflation for the period at 39.0%; and Inflation for imported goods was 28.2% whilst inflation for locally produced items was 27.3%.
In advanced economies, inflation has risen to all-time highs sparking protests on the rising living conditions across the Europe, Latin America and SSA;
ii. Tightening financing conditions from less accommodative monetary policy stance.
Closely linked to the inflation problem is the less accommodative stance from central banks across the globe including our own Bank of Ghana in their bid to curb inflation, the depreciation of the cedi and signal high returns on government instruments to attract and/or retain capital inflows (on the back of the US Fed policy rate hikes which is more attractive to investors given that US government instruments are by far the safest debt instruments).
This is causing tighter and expensive financing conditions and leading to the inability of most government’s across the globe including Ghana to raise the needed financing to fund government programmes.
iii. Exchange rate depreciation. Currently the Bank of Ghana reports an exchange rate depreciation of 24.5% (year-to-30th June, 2022);
iv. Elevated debt burden with high debt service. Public debt to GDP ratio increased from 54.2% in 2017 to 61.2% in 2019 to 74.4% in 2020 and increased further to 76.6% at the end of 2021 reflecting some key events over the period:
i) impact of COVID-19 spending interventions leading to high deficit and financing of about 15% in 2020;
ii) the banking sector clean-up cost (circa GHS25bn since 2018);
iii) energy sector IPPs payments (circa GHs16bn and counting); iv) Cedi depreciation – provisional data indicates that the public debt stock stood at Ghs387.9 billion (77.2% of GDP) at the end of April, 2022 up from Ghs328.04 billion (71.5% of GDP) recorded in April 2021 driven largely by the impact of the exchange rate depreciation; and
v. Widening Eurobond spreads. Spreads of our sovereign bonds and loss of investor confidence in the economy from ratings downgrades (also typical to other emerging and developing countries).
All these adverse economic events have negated the gains made prior to the pandemic.
Nonetheless, the strong foundation formed prior to the pandemic has kept the economy afloat until now when we see the possibility of a fully blown economic crisis.
To avert this crisis from even materializing, government is taking the precautionary step in engaging the IMF to support its enhanced domestic economic programme with the suitable amount of financing so that Ghana can weather the storm and protect its citizens as it embarks on its structural reforms and economic adjustment.
14. What was the state of Ghana’s economy before the pandemic?
Prior to the pandemic (2017-2019), macroeconomic stability was largely restored, and growth rebounded strongly in response to government’s prudent macroeconomic management, growth enhancing and employment creation flagship programmes and social protection interventions.
i. Growth averaged 7% between 2017-2019 from 3.5% in 2016;
ii. The fiscal deficit was brought under 5% of GDP and primary balance was positive for three straight years;
iii. Inflation moderated from 15.4% in 2016 to single digits (7.9%) at the end of
Dec 2019;
iv. Trade Balance turned positive for four straight years;
v. Current account deficit narrowed significantly;
vi. The reserve position was strong with Gross International Reserve cover of between 3.6 and 4 months of imports;
vii. The exchange rate was relatively stable
viii. The progress made by the country also attracted credit rating upgrades and improvements in credit outlook (S&P upgrade from B- with positive outlook to B with stable outlook in 2018 and Moody’s change in outlook from B3 with negative outlook to B3 with stable outlook in 2017);
ix. Government instituted several structural measures including the passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act in 2018 to constrain the fiscal deficit to no more than 5% of GDP with an annual primary surplus, established the Fiscal Responsibility Council to advise the president on fiscal matters, and the established the Financial Stability Council to promote financial stability; and
x. The 2015 IMF ECF Programme was successfully completed in April 2019.
15. Why do we repeat going to the IMF? Is the IMF the solution to economic crisis?
The IMF is the lender of last resort for its member countries, just as the central bank in Ghana is the lender of last resort to commercial banks who face challenges.
The IMF assists countries hit by crises by providing them financial support to create breathing room as they implement their adjustment policies to restore economic stability and growth.
It also provides precautionary financing to help prevent and insure against crises.
The IMF’s lending toolkit is continuously refined to meet countries’ changing needs.
16. Does an IMF support an admission of incompetence?
It depends on the circumstances leading to the crises. Countries usually approach the IMF for support when they face more than one type of crisis as challenges in one sector easily spread throughout the economy. The causes of crises are varied and complex, and can be domestic, external, or both.
i. Domestic factors include inappropriate fiscal and monetary policies, which can lead to large economic imbalances (such as large current account and fiscal deficits and high levels of external and public debt); an exchange rate fixed at an inappropriate level, which can erode competitiveness and lead to persistent current account deficits and loss of official reserves; and a weak financial system, which can create economic booms and busts.
Political instability and/or weak institutions can also trigger crises by exacerbating economic vulnerabilities.
ii. External factors include shocks ranging from natural disasters to large swings in commodity prices. These are common causes of crises especially for low-income countries, which have limited capacity to prepare for such shocks and are dependent on a narrow range of export products.
Also, in an increasingly globalized economy, sudden changes in market sentiment can result in capital flow volatility.
Even countries with sound fundamentals could be severely affected by the impact of economic crises and policies in other countries.
The COVID-19 pandemic is another example of external shock affecting countries across the globe.
Whether the cause is domestic or external in origin, crises can take many different forms: balance of payment problems occur when a nation is unable to pay for essential imports or service its external debt repayments; financial crises stem from illiquid or insolvent financial institutions; and fiscal crises are caused by excessive fiscal deficits and debt.
17. How long will the IMF programme last?
See Table 1 for a summary of the various facilities (programme types), the purpose, financing source, duration, and type of conditionality.
Below is the full document: